What is the History of Chiropractic?
“Get knowledge of the spine, for this is the requisite for many diseases.” These words are attributed to Hippocrates, known as the Father of Medicine among Western cultures. Although Hippocrates lived from 460–370 B.C. in Greece, this underlying philosophy carries through to modern chiropractic care.
Ancient Beginnings
Healthcare practices that focus on the spine did not start with Hippocrates. The ancient origins of chiropractic care are evidenced in medical texts dating to around 2700 B.C. and 1500 B.C. in China and Greece. These texts detail spinal manipulation and are among some of the earliest writings in recorded history.
In fact, “bone setting” is linked to the development of both chiropractic care and osteopathy. This holistic practice is one of the five traditional Chinese medicine treatments, and those who practiced it were known as “bone setters.” A medical text known as the Edwin Smith papyrus of 1552 B.C. provides evidence that bone setting was a practice in Ancient Egypt as well.
The philosophy behind bone setting is that injuries in the skeletal frame need to be set straight in order to return the body to its natural order so it can heal properly. This practice extended well into the 18th century in Great Britain with families who passed the healing art from one generation to the next. However, as medicine modernized, bonesetters struggled to be awarded the same status as medical physicians.
Chiropractic Philosophy
The ancient philosophical roots of chiropractic suggest that disturbances in the body’s natural order contribute to disease. What separates chiropractic care from standard medical solutions to disease is that chiropractors retain the foundational idea that the body is self-sufficient. Therefore, it is believed that if the body is restored to its optimal state, it can begin to heal itself without unnatural medical interventions.
Chiropractic offers natural solutions to recurring problems that are a result of environmental stress or injuries. This outlook stands in contrast to standard medical care solutions that turn to pain-relieving drugs or invasive surgeries.
The Foundation of Modern Chiropractic Care
It wasn’t until 1895 that the term “chiropractic” arrived in circulation among public and medical communities. It’s derived from the Greek words cheir (hand) and praktos(done), or “done by hand.” Daniel David Palmer, the founder of chiropractic care in North America, coined the term and is also credited with developing the healing art’s first solution to an ailment in modern times.
D.D. Palmer believed that the body had a natural ability to heal itself and that some conditions were the result of a lack of or disorder in nerve supply to the affected region. Palmer advanced the idea of spinal misalignment, or “subluxation,” and devised a modern procedure for spinal adjustment. He performed an adjustment on a partially deaf patient in 1895 and was lauded for having lessened the severity of the man’s deafness.
When the potential merits of chiropractic were realized, Palmer founded the Palmer School of Cure in 1897 in Iowa. This later became the Palmer School of Chiropractic the first school of chiropractic care in the world. It is now one of 46 accredited schools of chiropractic across the globe today.
From Shaky Ground to a Secure Future
From the 1960s until around 1980, the American Medical Association (AMA) disparaged the chiropractic profession, claiming it was unscientific. It took a federal antitrust court decision in 1987 to overturn an AMA effort to contain and eliminate the practice of chiropractic. However as chiropractic care gained in popularity among patients who experienced positive results, this controversy gave way to a new era of collaboration between chiropractors and standard medical practitioners.
As chiropractic schools have continued to spring up around the world with a core curriculum as rigorous as that of standard medical schools, chiropractic practitioners have continued to adopt diverse approaches to caring for disorders of the spine and muscles—without invasive surgery or potentially addicting medications. The past several decades have seen a growth in communication and collaborative research efforts between chiropractors and medical doctors, and chiropractic has been accepted in the medical community and recognized by several international guidelines as a beneficial treatment for many musculoskeletal conditions. VA hospitals and other medical facilities have started to incorporate chiropractors as part of their healthcare team. Research studies continue to underscore the safety and effectiveness of chiropractic treatment for a variety of disorders, and the chiropractic profession is recognized today as a valid first-line treatment option for many health conditions.
What is Chiropractic?
Chiropractic is the Science, Art, and Philosophy that concerns itself with restoring good health by restoring and maintaining a properly functioning nervous system, without using drugs or surgery. Chiropractic is based on the scientific fact that your body is a self-regulating, self-healing organism. These important functions are controlled by the brain, spinal cord, and all the nerves of the body. The skull protects the delicate tissues of the brain. The moving bones of the spine protect the vulnerable communication pathways of the spinal cord and nerve roots. If the nervous system is impaired, it can cause malfunction of the tissues and organs throughout the body.
The Beginning
The profession of Chiropractic was founded in Davenport, Iowa, in 1897 by Daniel David (D.D.) Palmer. D.D. Palmer is also known as the "Founder of Chiropractic". Rev. Samuel Weed suggested the name, which is derived from the Greek words praxis and their meaning practice by hand. Palmer School of Chiropractic in Davenport in 1897 and remains a major Chiropractic college today. D.D. Palmer's son Bartlett Joshua (B.J.) Palmer further developed the profession and is known as the "Developer of Chiropractic".
The Story
There are many accounts of the famous first chiropractic adjustment given by D.D. Palmer to Harvey Lillard. The account by D.D. Palmer, the account by Willard Carver, the account by Harvey Lillard’s daughter Valdeenia Simmons.
The Account of D.D. Palmer
"Harvey Lillard, a janitor, in the Ryan Block, where I had my office, had been so deaf for 17 years that he could not hear the racket of a wagon on the street or ticking of a watch. I made inquiry as to the cause of his deafness and was informed that when he was exerting himself in a cramped stooping, position, he felt something give in his back and immediately became deaf.” “An examination showed a vertebra racked from its normal position. I reasoned that if that vertebra was replaced, the man’s hearing should be restored. With this object in view, a half-hour talk persuaded Mr. Lillard to allow me to replace it.” “I racked it into position by using the spinous process as a lever and soon the man could hear as before. There was nothing ‘accidental’ about this, as it was accomplished with an object in view, and the result expected was obtained. There was nothing ‘crude’ about this adjustment; it was specific, so much so that no Chiropractor has equaled it.” The account of Willard Carver Harvey Lillard was the janitor of Ryan Block, and in September 1895, came to Dr. Daniel David Palmer for general restoration; but particularly because some seventeen years before he had been lifting in a stooped and cramped position, in the room of mine, when he suddenly felt the sensation of something giving away in his back, from which moment he ceased to hear out of his left ear. Dr. Palmer gave him the manipulations of the magnetic healer called the long passes of the spine or back. Incident to these, he observed that there was an area near the fourth thoracic vertebra that when undisturbed was too light-colored, and when manipulated became excessively red, and he noticed that either color changed slowly. The facts led Dr. Daniel David Palmer to make a close investigation of the tissues of Lillard’s back, as a result of which he arrived at the conclusion that a segment (vertebra) was not in its right position; that is, was out of relationship with its fellows. So soon as Dr. Palmer reached the conclusion mentioned, he had to devise ways and means of ascertaining whether his conclusion was sustained by fact; and as it always true, this was the real thing of importance to be accomplished; and it was found to present many difficulties and it might be said, parenthetically, that the same phenomena still presents many difficulties to many persons. However, at the expense of a good deal of effort, and the study of the situation for more than a week, Dr. Palmer reached the conclusion that the fourth thoracic vertebra was dysregulated in a certain direction, and the segment should be moved in the reverse direction to restore the relationship. However, the distortion stubbornly resisted all his efforts to correct it. He performed all of the manipulations known to his system but failed to make apparent corrections of the situation. Finally, on the 18th day of September 1895, Dr. Daniel Palmer became impatient, and struck the vertebra with a short, sharp blow, with the ulnar side of his fist or closed hand, with the happy result that, although it hurt considerably, there was a snap and the bump changed appearance markedly, with the startling, but nevertheless true, result that the left ear was almost instantly unstopped, and remained so permanently."
The Account of Willard Carver
"Harvey Lillard was the janitor of Ryan Block, and in September 1895, came to Dr. Daniel David Palmer for general restoration; but particularly because some seventeen years before he had been lifting in a stooped and cramped position, in the room of mine, when he suddenly felt the sensation of something giving away in his back, from which moment he ceased to hear out of his left ear. Dr. Palmer gave him the manipulations of the magnetic healer called the long passes of the spine or back. Incident to these, he observed that there was an area near the forth thoracic vertebra that when undisturbed was too light colored, and when manipulated became excessively red, and he noticed that either color changed slowly. The facts led Dr. Daniel David Palmer to make a close investigation of the tissues of Lillard’s back, as a result of which he arrived at the conclusion that a segment (vertebra) was not in its right position; that is, was out of relationship with its fellows. So soon as Dr. Palmer reached the conclusion mentioned, he had to devise ways and means of ascertaining whether his conclusion was sustained by fact; and as it always true, this was the real thing of importance to be accomplished, and it was found to present many difficulties and it might be said, parenthetically, that the same phenomena still presents many difficulties to many persons. However, at the expense of a good deal of effort, and the study of the situation for more than a week, Dr. Palmer reached the conclusion that the fourth thoracic vertebra was dysregulated in a certain direction, and the segment should be moved in the reverse direction to restore the relationship. However, the distortion stubbornly resisted all his efforts to correct it. He performed all of the manipulations known to his system but failed to make apparent corrections to the situation. Finally, on the 18th day of September 1895, Dr. Daniel Palmer became impatient, and struck the vertebra with a short, sharp blow, with the ulnar side of his fist or closed hand, with the happy result that, although it hurt considerably, there was a snap and the bump changed appearance markedly, with the startling, but nevertheless true, result that the left ear was almost instantly unstopped, and remained so permanently."
The Account of Valdeenia Simons
Harvey Lillard’s daughter, Mrs. Valdeenia Simons, recalled what had been told to her by her father many years before. According to Mrs. Simons, her father, and a friend were telling humorous stories outside the open doorway leading to D.D. Palmer’s office. D.D. was reading a book in his favorite chair. Overhearing the loud conversation, Palmer decided to join the two men and walked into the hall where they were standing. Obviously enjoying the story’s climax, D.D., laughing heartily, struck Harvey on the back with the book he had carried with him. Several days later Lillard commented to Palmer that he thought he could hear a bit better following the merriment of the storytelling and the back-slapping incident. D.D. commented, “We’ll try to do something about that.” Shortly, he began working with Lillard to restore his hearing. Valdeenia’s explanation of the circumstance leading to the first adjustment is supportive of Palmer’s comment that the first adjustment was “accomplished with an object in view.”
More History of Chiropractic
Chiropractic is a healthcare profession that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disorders related to the musculoskeletal system, particularly the spine. The history of chiropractic is fascinating, with its roots tracing back to the late 19th century. This article explores the evolution of chiropractic, its role in modern healthcare, its global impact, and the significant figures who shaped its development.
What is the History of Chiropractic?
The history of chiropractic is closely tied to the groundbreaking work of D.D. Palmer, a pivotal figure in the development of this healthcare profession. D.D. Palmer, who practiced in Davenport, Iowa, is credited with administering the first chiropractic adjustment in 1895, a crucial event that marked the birth of modern chiropractic.
Who is D.D. Palmer and What Role Did He Play in the Development of Chiropractic?
Daniel David Palmer, often referred to as D.D. Palmer, was a magnetic healer and self-taught anatomist who became the founder of chiropractic. His exploration of the spinal system and its potential impact on health led him to develop the principles and philosophy that form the basis of chiropractic care.
What Were the Early Principles and Philosophy of Chiropractic?
In the early days of the chiropractic profession, D.D. Palmer was accused of practicing medicine without a license. Palmer emphasized the relationship between spinal health and overall well-being. He, along with the college of chiropractic, advocated that subluxations in the spine could interfere with the body's ability to heal itself. This philosophy laid the groundwork for the practice of spinal manipulation as a means of restoring proper function and alleviating various health conditions.
How Did Chiropractic Education and Training Begin?
As the practice of chiropractic gained traction, the need for formal education in chiropractic schools and regulated by boards of chiropractic examiners became apparent. This led to the establishment of chiropractic colleges, including the renowned Palmer School of Chiropractic, which played a pivotal role in shaping the profession and providing a structured curriculum for aspiring chiropractors.
How Did Modern Chiropractic Evolve?
Modern chiropractic has undergone significant developments, evolving from its early principles to become an integral part of healthcare systems worldwide.
What Were the Key Milestones in the Development of Chiropractic as a Profession?
The recognition of chiropractic as a legitimate healthcare profession was a significant milestone. Despite facing challenges and opposition, chiropractors persevered and successfully established their role in providing non-invasive, drug-free treatments for various musculoskeletal conditions.
How Did Chiropractic Care and Treatment Evolve Over Time?
Chiropractic care has evolved to encompass a wide range of treatment modalities, with spinal manipulation or chiropractic adjustment remaining a cornerstone of practice. Additionally, chiropractors have expanded their scope of practice to address a diverse array of health conditions beyond traditional back pain, including headaches, sports injuries, and more.
What Is the Relationship Between Chiropractic and Other Forms of Healthcare, Such as Medicine?
Chiropractic has established itself not just as an alternative to medical doctors but a complementary healthcare option, working alongside conventional medicine to provide patients with comprehensive care. The collaborative approach in the chiropractic profession has seen improvement in patient outcomes and broadened the acceptance of chiropractic within the healthcare community.
What is the Role of Chiropractic in Healthcare Today?
The chiropractic profession has become an increasingly integral part of healthcare, offering non-invasive, holistic treatments for a variety of health conditions like low back pain.
How Has Chiropractic Treatment Evolved to Address Various Health Conditions?
Chiropractors have adapted their practices to address a wide range of health issues, integrating evidence-based approaches to optimize patient care. This evolution has contributed to the growing utilization of chiropractic services in managing not only musculoskeletal disorders but also other health concerns.
What Is the Current State of Chiropractic Research and its Implications for Healthcare?
Chiropractic research has expanded significantly, with numerous studies exploring the effectiveness of chiropractic interventions and their impact on patient health. The continued advancement of research has bolstered the credibility of chiropractic within the scientific and medical communities, paving the way for further integration into mainstream healthcare.
What Challenges and Controversies Has Chiropractic Faced Throughout Its History?
The chiropractic profession has navigated various challenges throughout its history, including legal accusations such as practicing medicine without a license, political controversies, and skepticism from medical doctors. However, chiropractors have persevered, advocating for their profession and dispelling misconceptions to secure their position as valued healthcare providers.
Chiropractic Across Different Geographical Regions
The influence of the chiropractic profession extends beyond national borders. Practitioners and institutions endorsed by the chiropractic association have made their mark in diverse geographical regions.
How Did Chiropractic Spread to Europe and What Impact Did It Have?
Chiropractic's expansion into Europe brought about significant developments in the field, leading to the establishment of notable associations and institutions that have contributed to its growth and acceptance within the region's healthcare landscape.
What Are Some Notable Associations and Institutions Related to Chiropractic in Different Countries?
Across different countries, there exist a variety of associations and institutions dedicated to advancing chiropractic education, research, and practice. These entities play a crucial role in fostering collaboration and promoting the exchange of knowledge within the global chiropractic community.
What Are Some of the Unique Practices and Philosophies of Chiropractic in Different Geographical Locations?
Chiropractic practices and philosophies can exhibit regional variations, influenced by cultural, regulatory, and professional considerations. Understanding these differences allows for a comprehensive appreciation of the diversity and richness present within the global chiropractic landscape.
Significant Figures in the History of Chiropractic
The history of the chiropractic profession is dotted with influential figures who have advanced it through their roles in chiropractic schools, the chiropractic association, and the national institutes.
Who Were the Pioneers and Influential Figures in the Early Days of Chiropractic?
Several pioneers and influential figures emerged in the early days of chiropractic, contributing to its growth and shaping its practice. Their dedication and contributions to the chiropractic profession served as critical groundwork, creating the profession we recognize today.
What Contributions Have Various Chiropractic Practitioners Made to the Field?
Throughout the history of chiropractic, practitioners have made significant contributions through their clinical expertise, research endeavors, and advocacy efforts. Their collective contributions have propelled chiropractic forward, enhancing its standing as a valuable and respected healthcare discipline.
Mile Stones in Chiropractic History
1895 – D.D. Palmer commences practice as a “chiropractor” in Davenport, Iowa.
1897 – The Palmer School of Chiropractic, the first chiropractic educational institution, opens.
1913 – Kansas became the first U.S. state to recognize and license the practice of chiropractic. Louisiana became the last state in 1974.
1923 – Alberta became the first province to license chiropractic practice in Canada. Ontario follows in Newfoundland the last province, in 1992.
1933 – the U.S. Council of State Chiropractic Examining Boards was established with a mandate to provide unified standards for licensure. Renamed the Federation of Chiropractic Licensing Boards (FCLB) in 1974.
1939 – The Canton of Zurich, Switzerland, becomes the first jurisdiction outside North America to license the practice of chiropractic.
1944 – The Foundation for Chiropractic Education and Research (FCER) is established and, to the present time, is the profession’s foremost agency for funding postgraduate scholarship and research.
1963 – The U.S. National Board Of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) was established to promote consistency and reciprocity between state examining boards.
1974 – The U.S. Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE) is recognized by the federal government as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic. This led to the development of affiliated accrediting agencies in Canada, Europe, and Australia/New Zealand.
1979 – Chiropractic in New Zealand, the report of the NZ Commission of Inquiry to Chiropractic, is published. This was the first government commission to adopt a full judicial procedure, hearing evidence on oath and subject to cross-examination when examining patients, chiropractors, medical doctors, and others on the role of the chiropractic profession. The Commission’s recommendations strongly endorse chiropractic services and call for medical cooperation. The report has a major impact internationally.
1988 – The World Federation of Chiropractic (WFC) is formed. The WFC, whose members are national associations of chiropractors in over 70 countries, was admitted into official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO) as a non-government organization or NGO in January
1993 – The Manga Report in Canada, the first government-commissioned report by health economists looking at the cost-effectiveness of chiropractic services, recommends a primary role for chiropractors with back pain patients on grounds of safety, cost-effectiveness and patient preference, and concludes this will save hundreds of millions annually in direct health care costs and work disability payments.
1994 – Government-sponsored expert panels developing evidence-based guidelines for the management of patients with back pain in the U.S. and the U.K. provide the first authoritative reports that manipulation is a proven and preferred treatment approach for most acute low-back pain patients.
1996 – The U.S. government begins official funding support for an ongoing agenda for chiropractic research. To continue this agenda the Consortia Center for Chiropractic Research was formed in 1997, comprising chiropractic schools, university research departments, and federal government agencies, and is based at Palmer College of Chiropractic.
More about Chiropractic Care
- Why See a Chiropractor?
- Stages of Chiropractic Care
- The Spine and How It Works
- What Is a Subluxation?
- X-Rays in Chiropractic Care
- Research and Safety
- Introduction to Chiropractic Care
- Frequently Asked Questions About Chiropractic Care
- Adjustments
- Chiropractic Myths and Facts
- History of Chiropractic Care
- Benefits Of Chiropractic Care
Reference
(1) Smith, David. The Chiropractic Profession: Its Education, Practice, Research and Future Directions. West Des Moines, IA: NCMIC Group, 2000.
(2) Peterson, Wise, Chiropractic An Illustrated History, Mosby-Year Book, Inc., 1995.
(3) Gibbons, Russell. D.D. Palmer: The Origins of the Palmer School and Itinerant Schoolman, 1897-1913. Chiropractic History, 1998; 18 (2):39.
(4) Wardwell, Walter I., Chiropractic: History and Evolution of a New Profession, Mosby, 1992.
